Gripper with plastic housing for liquid containing cartons



March 15, 1960 L, W, F|TCH 2,928,570

GRIPPER WITH PLASTIC HOUSING FOR LIQUID CONTAINING CARTONS Filed June 16, 1958 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 A TTORNEK March 15, 1960 w. FITCH GRIPPER WITH PLASTIC HOUSING FOR LIQUID CONTAINING CARTONS Filed June 16, 1958 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 nited States Patent: N"

GRIPPER WITH PLASTIC HOUSING FOR LIQUID CONTAINING CARTONS Leonard W. Fitch, Marysville, Wash. Application June 16, 19ss,seria1No.142,242 1'4 claims. (ci. 22o-ss) My invention relates to the art of grippers with a plastic housing for liquid containing cartons.

More particularly my invention relates' to a gripper which may be combined with a plastic housing tooperate carton containers in which liquids are sold. An example of such a carton is the milk carton, given by Y'wayof illustration Vand not' limitation. It often becomes desirable to-use the milk right from the carton and have thisv on the table so it will be dressed up with a plastic dress and thereby make a presentable showing on the table.

However, a more fundamental function of the invention is' the providing of a gripper which will overcome theV difficulty of the container collapsing when gripped when partly empty and is liable to slip from the hands. A fundamental purpose of my invention and discovery is to provide a gripper serving a two-fold function as a handle and as a means to hold the container so that no matter whether it is full or whether it is partially empty and the wall may tend to cave in nevertheless my gripperV will operate to prevent any dropping or slipping from the hold of the device of the carton. The container is of the type formed of waxed paper as is commonly employed in the merchandising of milk.

It is the purpose of my invention to provide a gripperV or holder mechanism which of itself merely operates to hold and grip the container. Also it is the purpose of my invention to provide a type of` gripper which will permit the adding of a plastic housing to be secured to theI container and to cover up the gripper and the container so lthat the device will provide a neat dispensing article which will take the place of a pitcher for the dispensing The providing of the com' l .Q1-lig. 12 is a detached isometric view of the adapter ICC Patented yMar. 15", v1960 the same being preferred exemplary forms of embodiment of my invention, throughout which drawings like reference numerals indicate like parts:

Figure 1 is a view of the gripper in perspective in upright position and with a carton shown therein bybroken lines;

Fig. 2 is a view in side elevation of a modied form of my invention with the gripper supplied with a plastic housing and with a swingingly mounted pivoted handle having an off-center or eccentric pivot and having a bar positioned to engage with a receptacle;

. Fig 3 is a top plan view of Fig. 2, taken on broken line 3--3 of Fig. 2 and with parts broken away;

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary view of Va detail of the modified form shown in Fig. 2;

IFig. 5 is a fragmentary view showing the bottom portion of an inner handle member and showing a slot to receive a latch member carried by an outer or swingingly movable handle;

Fig. 6 is a view of a modified form ofthe invention similar to- Fig. 2 but in which the inner handle member is omitted and the'lower end of the outer handle isrreleasably held by slot and latch means of modified' form;

VFig. 7 shows a top plan view of a carton holder similar to lthe holder shown in Fig. land provided with an adapter capable of adapting a half-gallon size gripper to a one quart container or carton and in this case with the pouring opening or spout of the carton in the center of one side portion of the carton top;

, Fig. 8 'is a detached isometric view of the adapter shown cartons of half-gallon size to quart size cartons which' have the pouring outlet or spout in one corner;

Fig. 10 is a detached isometric view of the adapter shown in Fig. 9;

i Fig. 11 is a top plan view similar to Figs. 7 and 9 but showing an adapter of a form capable of adapting a gripper made for cartons of square or rectangular cross section to smaller receptacles of round cross section;

shown in IFig. 11;

'.Fig. 13 is a view ofA still ar further modified form of top plastic housing separate from and adjustable in a vide a gripping means which will have one member at the bottom in which the container may rest or be posi tioned, said bottom member having upturned flanges to prevent the container from slipping out from this bottom or base member. Then for the'top it is the purpose and object of myinvention to provide an encircling orv bracing memberI to go about the container and also to provide a second member which may be moved and actuated against the container while the encircling top member is pulled in the opposite direction toward the first Having the two top members thus moved in` The above mentioned general objects of my invention,

together with others inherent in the same, are attained bythe mechanism illustrated in the following drawings,"

Fig. 15 is a detached isometric view of the upper housing part shown in Fig. 14.

In a summary form and therefore incompletely stated,

my invention and discovery herein relates to providing'Y a gripper member for a carton wherein liquids are sold, for example, milk. The gripper is to function as a v handle for using the carton and in pouring the contents out of the carton when used in piecemeal form as on lthe table. The gripper is characterized by having parts that" move in opposite directions in gripping the container so that it is squeezed in a form that will make the sides of` and` only a portion of the contents remain in the carton.:l Then it is particularly important that the gripper be of ia character which will hold the carton in a rrn manner and offwhich the hand is best'adapted to'V provide.

. l 3 1 so that itcannot slip. In doing this, the normal strength of the `lingers and palm of the hand are taken advantageA means that the fingers may Ygrip and press the handle v -members whichV operate in opposite directions in gripping the container and move them in gripping positionand in doing this to use the palm of the hand aswell asl the- `fingers in providing' for pouringv and to beapplied to cartons of different sizes such as `half-gallon size and the same'gripper is made applicable to apply to the on'equart carton. Accordingly, besides providing arm grippingmechanism for the container, mylinvention anddiscovery provides for adding and cooperating with a housing of the carton Container. c

Like reference numerals refer-to like parts throughoutA the severalvie`ws.` l l Referring tirst to Fig. 1, I show a cartonv holder'in thev form of an open or skeleton frame made of hat, strip type metal'and Vadapted to receive and grip and-hold a Y carton C of rectangular or 'square cross section and Vof a" commonly used type in which mil-k is dispensed. The carton C isshown by dot and dash lines andA has a tab 1-9 which can -be lifted to permit pourings. .1 Thel car-Y Vmay Yweigh over four pounds and it is diiiicult for perp sons whose hands are not strong to handle them. My

carton holder makes it much easier to handle these carc tons and pour liquid from them..

Figs. 7 to 12 inclusive illustrate three different ways of.

adapting the hal'ffgallonv carton holder shown. in Eig. l

. tween two sides of the carton.

l Y colored plastic to afford an attractive vessel concealing 2 40 is provided with a rectangular notch 43 of correct ton holder comprises a base in the form of across hav- 1 ing four symmetrically positioned radial arms 0,A 21, Y

22 and 23, disposed in a common plane andad'apted to receive and support the carton C. The outer end por# tions ofthe three'arms 20, 2 1 ancl- 22- arezrespectively' Y provided with relatively `short upwardly extending carton holding flugs 24,25l and 26'.` The fourth arm 23Y'terminates, at its outer end,A ina relatively'long. upwardly extending resilient-memberl?` which cooperates in sup,-

porting a carton. engaging member 28. Themerriber- Z8 is shown asavcross bar but obviously its shape; mayibe varied as long at it has a fairly large flat surface to press against and hold a carton.

' Twooverlying spaced apart handle members 29 and .30 are secured to the lower end portion of' the resilient' pingl the carton 41.

to ,the holdingand handling of cartons. and containers of smaller size, Vsuch as one quart, cartons. v8 show thiscar-ton holder as provided with an adapter 40 for holding a one (quart waxed pasteboard carton 41 of conventional form` having `in itstop end a pouring opening 42v positioned' near one edge about mid-way be- One edge of the adapter t to fit over and' receive the cross bar 28. Said other edge c portion is yalso provided witha suitable transverse notch '45- atordingvclearance for the upright resilient member' 27`and` the outer handle 30. The adapter40 is thus supported on the cross bar"28 and'moveswith itin grip- Figs; 9 andv 10 'show'an adapter member" 46 having a trough or V..shaped notch 47 in. one Aedge adapted toreceive `andfiit a corner .portion 48 of a one ,quartcarton 49o square crosssection and which has a` pouring open- .ing Sllin a..d iago1"iallyV Vopposite comerportion. 51 of its atop errd" wall. Thus theadaptermember 46. adapts my; holderlfor holding onequart cartons with corner pour` `ling opening. `The other edge. portion of the adapter 46V ,has a groove 52 andv notch 53 to receive bar 27 and t handle 30 as previouslyV explained.

" 5,8 Vofroundcross section, such as atglass milk bottle..

upright member Z7 by1a rivet 31 or other suitable means.

The two handle members 29 and 30 are normally spaced a short distance apart throughout the vmajor portion off theirflength and at least one of said handle members is resilient enough so that saidhandle memberswill assume a spaced apart position when released but can easily be moved toward each other `byzexertion ofasqujeezing force when a person grasps said two handle members.

is integral with or otherwise rigidly attached toone side of a rectangular carton holding yoke 3,2 which` has four Eigs.' 2, 3,14 andl 5 show al holder of modied form.

comprisinga hase formed by fourradial arms. 60, 61.

6,2 and'. 63. A short lug 64 extends upwardly' from 'the outer end ofjthe base `arm 63. The upper end. portion.

` of the. long arm 67 has a forked` part.. 65 which. is welded, p or. otherwise .rigidly secured to two barsf68 and. 69 that The upper end portion of the inner handle member 29 w side'members 33, 34, 35 and 36. The upper ienl portion of the o uter handle member {30"arches or curves over the .upper end portion ofthejinner handle member 2S and is integral with or otherwise rigidly attached. to the car-4 V form one sldeof'a rectangular yoke. 66, the. other three sides of* said yoke.` being formed` by side-bars 70, .7.1 and. 72, An inner handle member 73 has its lower and upper. endportions securedv to the` respective lower and upper end'portionsof the arm 67 by rivets .7.4, and 75- or other securing means. 'Thus the/arm 67 and. inner handle l A73:A cooperatein supportingthe yoke 66. The frame par-ts 66. to 72.inclusive, just described,.are enclosed and ton engaging member 28.. The inner handle member '29V .Y registration with said base. The'carton engaging memf p of'the holden, Thefyke bars68 and 69 have outwardly berrZS is `positioned within the yokeV 32.and lies closel-` Y to the side of the yoke with. which the innerl handle 'is connected.`

When thetwo handle members 2,9 andv 30 are gripped.

in the hand and a squeezing force exerted thereon it will tend to move the two handle members toward each. other or in oppositedirections andrthis will tend to relatively move the carton engaging member 28 and: yokeZ in opposite directions. If the yoke 32 extends around a. carton C, as shown in Fig. 1, the carton willbegripped 'jl`he carton `holder shownin Fig. 1 andv justhereixiheextendingfspacediapart lugs V71 which receive there-A between the upper end portion 78 of. an outer handle 79audsupport apivotmember 80 on .which said handle part 78`isiulcrurned." handle part 68 extends -into rheyokez erfand has a canon! engaging bar s1 Vrigidly attached thereto. y 4.The lower endV portion of the outer handle 79 carries a rotatable. U.ring4 typelatch member-,82 havingfa. part Vtilt which can. be engaged withina. slot 84 in the lower end portion .of ,theinuer .handlemember 73 toreleasably l hold4 the Itwohandle:membersYclose together. When. the outer handle f79 is `swinginglyfmovedA away fromfthe inf I ner handle 73 into a position as shown in Fig. 2the car- V Iton ,engaging bar.81will be below the'pivot member 80 and.. closets. the. adjacent:l yoke'ibars. 68: and 69 and a carton. canL be inserted downwardlyfintofthe holder.

Figs. 7 and aendern When the outer handle 79 s swingingly moved inwardly close to the inner handle 73 the carton engaging bar 81 will be moved to the left and upwardly into a position as indicated by dash lines in Fig. 2 to bind against and securely hold the carton.

When there is a carton in the holder shown in Figs.l 2 to 5 and the latch member 82 is within the slot 83 and in latched position the carton engaging bar 81 will be retained against the carton and the carton will be firmly held. However, if outer handle 79 is not latched to vinner handle 73 and a user grasps both of these handlesv and grips them with an amount of force necessary to lift the holder and carton this grip will tighten the bar 81 against the carton and securely hold the same. Thus the application of the bar 81 to the carton in the form of invention shown in Figs. 2 to 5 is responsive to the grip of the person handling the holder if the two handles are not latched together.

Fig. 6 shows a modified form of the invention similar to the form shown in Figs. 2 to 5 except that the inner handle member andthe plastic enclosure are both omitted and different attaching devices are provided for the lower end of a swingingly mounted handle. The form of invention shown in said Fig. 6 comprises a base 85, an upright arm 86 and a yoke 87 similar to the just described corresponding parts in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. The upper end portion 88 of a single handle member 89 of modified form is swingingly mounted on a pivot 90 between spaced apart lugs. 91 of yoke 87 and carries a xedly attached carton engaging bar 92 which is similar in structure and operationto the bar 81; The lower end portionof the handle 89 has a slot 93 adaptedto t over a manually operated wing type latch member 94' which'is rotatively supported by the lower end portion of the upright arm 86. The bar 92 can not be applied to a carton by gripping the two handle members but is appliedby swingingly moving the handle 89 toward upright member 86 and fastening said handle with the latch member 94.

Fig. 13 discloses a form of my invention in which the metal frame is dispensed with, and carton receptacle 95 preferably of square cross section and of one piece construction is made from plastic material. The receptacle 95 has vintegral inner carton encircling yoke 97. A separately made outer handle 98 which can be of metal has its lower end secured by a rivet 99or other suitable means-to a preferably reinforced portion 100 adjacent the bottom end of the receptacle 95. 98 is spaced from and extends along the inner handle 96 andthe upper end portion of the outer handle extends toward the yoke 97 over and above the upper end of theA inner handle and is rigid with a carton engaging member'or bar 10'1. The bar 101 is positioned within the yoke part 97 of the receptacle and, if desired, the yoke part 97 can have a recess 102 to receive the bar 101 when said bar 101 is in a retracted position. At least the lower end portion of the outer handle 98 is slightly resilient. The receptacle 95 is of a suitable shape and size to receive, for instance, a half gallon waxed cardboard milk carton of conventional construction. The carton engaging bar 101 is pressed against a carton in the receptacle rmly enough to securely hold the carton.

by gripping the two handle members with an amount of force necessary to pick up and handle the receptacle 95 with a carton in it. The rivet 99 is preferably sealed in the plastic and if desired the receptacle 95 can be used as a pitcher, the pouring being conveniently done from either of the foremost corners. Although the receptacle 95 is herein shown to be a closed cup shaped receptacle it will be understood that, if desired, it may be made of skeleton form to provide a carton receiving and holding frame.

Figs. 14 and 15 show a modified lform of carton holder wherein substantially an entire carton can be shielded from view within said holder. The frame means of this holderzis, similar to the frame means shown-in Fig. 1

The outer handleand hereinbefore described. It comprises'a base 110, rectangular yoke 111, a resilient arm 112 extending upwardly from the base and cooperating in supporting a carton engaging bar 113, ,an inner handle 114 and an outer handle 115. The lower end portions of both handle members 114 and l15'are'secured to the arm 112 ad-A jacent the base 110 by a'rivet 116. Preferably a vspacing washer 117 is interposed betwen the arm 112 and the handle member 114 and the rivet 116 passes through this spacing washer. The yoke 111 is secured to the upper end portion of the inner handle 114 and is supported thereby. The upperend portion of the outer handle 115 extends inwardly over the inner handle 114 and is rigidly connected with thevcarton engaging bar 113.

A cup shaped lower plastic housing 118 of square cross section ts over the base 110 and extends upwardly substantially to the bottom plane of the yoke 111. The wall of this housing 118 adjacent the upright arm 112 is spaced from said arm, as shown in Fig. 14 to provide clearance. An upper plastic housing member 119 of square cross section and of slightly smaller size than the lower housing member 118 and which has a handle receiving notch 120 in one side thereof can be passed downwardly through the yoke 111 and have its lower end portion inserted within the upper end portion of the lower housing 118. The upper housingmember 119 can be of any desired length. For instance, the lower housing 118 can be shortened or entirely omitted and the lower end of the upper housing 119can be extended'x entirely to the base 110. The upper housing member- 119 has an inclined or daring front wall 121 to aiord clearance for a pouring spout 122 which is provided on some forms of commonly used waxed paper cartonsv123, The carton 123 and spout 122 are'shown by dot and' dash lines in Fig. 14. The upper housing member can extend far enough above the yoke 111 so that substantially all of the carton 123 will be concealed for more pleasing appearance in table use. The operation of the device shown in Fig. l5 in holding a carton is substantially the same as the operation of the device shown in Fig. l.

I claim:

1. A gripping carton holding device comprising a base;-

handle member toward and away from a carton in saidfl yoke. 2. A griping carton holding device comprising a base;

a rectangular carton receiving yoke positioned in'spaced' parallel relation above said base capable of receiving and cooperating in supporting a carton that rests on said base and extends through said yoke; a handle member secured to said base and extending between said base and said yoke and movable relative to said yoke; and a carton engaging bar carried by the upper end portion'of said handle member and positioned within said yoke and extending across said yoke adjacent one side thereof, saidV bar being movable by said handle toward and away from 'Y a carton which extends through said yoke. p

3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 in which a covering member of plastic material recieves and, extends over said base and said yoke substantially concealing said base and yoke. Y

4. A gripping carton holding devicecomprising a base;

a carton receiving yoke positioned in spaced parallel re-` lation to said base capable of 'receiving and supporting a carton that rests on said'base; two relativelymovable spaced vapart handle members positioned alongside of, each 'other and extending `'between said base and said* yoke; and a carton engaging member carried by one-of* said handle members yand positioned within said yoke and;

` gennaro cooperating .with saidfyoketin erippinaa .carton in re-j sponseto .the application ofjasqueezing force tofthettwo handle members..` Y v 5. A gripping `carton holding! device comprising .a base; a carton receiving yoke positinedin spaced `parallel relation abovesaid base fcap'able'of receiving and supporting a carton-that rests on said Ybaseyan inner handle member secured to and `extending betweei saidfbase and said yoke; an outer handle member secured to said-base and positioned alongside of andclos'eY to and spaced from said inner handle member, said; outer handle member being movable relative to said inner handle member and the upper end portionof said outer handle member extending above and over said yoke; and acarton engaging member carried. -by `the upper end portion of said outer handle member and positioned within said yoke.

' 6. A grippingA carton holding .device comprising a -ilat base; a carton receiving `yoke positioned 'in spaced paral-l lel relation above said base, whereby-a cartongmay `extend through said yoke and rest on said base; Van inner handle member secured to and extendingbetween said base and said yoke; a resilient upright support arm vrigid with said base and extending upwardly therefrom aizlja`` cent said inner Vhandle member; a carton engaging'memf tend` through said yoke and rest onV said base; an'inner handle member secured tofand extending between V said base and said yoke; Ya resilient upright support rigid with said base and extending upwardly therefrom adjacentV said'inner handle member; a carton engaging baiattached totheupper end portion of said upright supportVV and positioned within said yoke; and an outer handle'Y member-.secured to said base anch-positioned outwardly`r from and close to and lalongside of said inner handle ber attachedto the upper end portion of said upright` support arm and `positioned'fwthin said yoke; and an".

Y lol relation `above said base, whereby a carton may exbers being resilient whereby gripping of said twohandle members will move `saidyoke and said carton engaging cross bar in opposite directions in gripping a carton which extends through said yoke.`

9. A gripping carton holding device comprisnga base;

an open rectangular carton receiving yoke; means `connected with said basesupporting said yoke at a substang Atial distance above said base `and parallel with said base; ahandle pivotally connectediwithsaid yoke; a carton engaging bar Vcarried by said handle and positioned within said yoke and movable transversely of the yoke by pivotal.:

movement of thehandle; and releasable handle holding means operable in restraining pivotal movement of said handle. f Y

10. A gripping carton holding device comprising va base;`an open rectangular carton receiving yoke; two Vspaced apart outwardly extending lugs provided on one side of said yoke; upright support means secured to said base supporting said yoke at a substantial distance above said` base and parallel with saidbase; a handle having an upper end portion positioned between said lugs; a

pivot extending throughV said `lugs and said upper end portion of said handle pivotally connecting said handle with said yoke; a carton `engaging member carried by said handle Aand positioned within said yoke and movable transversely of the yoke'by swinging movement of. Y

the handle; and releasable cooperating latch devices carried by lower Vend portion of the handle and the base,

whereby the lowers end ofthe handle can be releasably secured to the base; i

.11. A grippingcarton holding device comprising au base; an open rectangular-'carton receivingyoke; two spaced apart-outwardly extending lugs provided on one side of said yoke; an inner handle member secured to said base andzextending upwardly therefrom and cooperating in supporting saidyoke at a substantial distance above an outer handlehaving -an upper end portion pot sitioned between said lugs; -a pivot `extendingthrough said lugs and said upperend portionof said outer handle pivotally connecting said outer `handle with said yoke; a

. carton engaging bar member carried by said outer handle and positioned within said yoke and movable transversely .Y 'of the yoke by' swinging'movement of the outer handle; l said outer handle being movabletoward and awayirom'l 1 rie'd by the lower end portions of the two handle mem.,` bers, whereby saidouter handle can be latched yto saidA member, the: upperend portion of said outer handle Y member extendingrinwardly over .Said inner handle member; and said vyoke and being secured Vto said carton en-V gaging bar.; and ,an adapter member havinga groove engageable over said carton engaging bar supporting said adapter member on said bar between'saidurbarV and a carton in saideyoke Yin adapting said holder to grip cartons of diferentsize and shape. Y

8. A Vgripping carton holding dcvicecomprising a nor vmally horizontal flat base having a pluralityof radially extending arms; a relativelylong upright resilient Ymem-Y ber rigid with the outer end portionjof one of Vsaid.

arms; relatively short Vupwardly extending lugs rigid withA the outer end portions of theother arms; a carton ensaidouter handle; and cooperating latchl devices carinner handle.

12. A gripping carton holding device comprising a car` ton'receptacle having an Iexternally disposed upright inner handle attachedto one iside thereof; an outer handle extending along the outer side of saidV inner handle and resiliently s upportedpin spaced relation from the inner handle, .'said outer handle extending overv the upper end. ofsaidiinner handle andtoward said. receptacle; a carton engaging member carried by theV upper end portion of said reccptacleand movably transversely of the receptacle by movement of said outer handle-relative to saidV inner handle;vandr.means securing'thelower end `portion of said outer handle to the receptacle adjacent the lower leudof the inner handle;

gaging cross bar secured Vto the upper` end portion of said relatively long upright resilientl member; an inner handle member securedY to the lower end portion of said-upright resilient member andextending upwardly alongside of said upright resilientgmember; a yoke of rectangular shape supported. byV said. innerhandle member above Vsaid b ase parallel with said base and in alignment with-'said base and with the cross bar positioned within thev yoke; and

an outer.-handle member positioned.v alongside of said inner handle member and having its'lower end secured to the` lowerend portion ofsaid upright resilient mem` ber audits upper end .secured to said carton engaging bar, the upperV end portionsofthe two handle'members being. spacedA apart. endet. least one of: saidV handle memy l3.- A gripping cartonv holding :device Acomprising `a base; a rectangular cartonreceiving, yoke positioned` in spaced parallel relation above s aid base, whereby a carton may rest .on said Vbase and extend throughsaid yoke; aninner handle secured to said base and positioned alongside of and close to said inner` handle', the upperend por 2 tion of said-outer handle extending above and across the e upper endrof said inner handle; `a carton engaging'. bar

carried. by the upper endy portion of said outer handle and positioned within said yoke; Yand a separable tubular housing: of rectangular ,cross section openA at its top and bottom ends and of slightlyl smaller sizezthansaid yoke; said housing having: an upwardly extending. handle receiving` notch in one sido thereofrwhereby said housing can be2 passed downwardly through said yoke with the handle receiving notch fitting over the outer handle and the carton engaging bar positioned within said housing.

14. A gripping carton holding device comprising a base; a rectangular carton receiving yoke positioned in spaced parallelrrelation above said base whereby a carton may rest on said base and extend through said yoke; an innerY handle secured to said base and supporting said yoke; an outer handle secured to Said base and positioned alongside of and close to said inner handle, the upper end portion of said outer handle extending above and across the upper end of said inner handle; a carton engaging bar carried by the upper end of said outer handle and positioned within said yoke; a lower housing of rectangular cross section secured to saidV base and extending upwardly therefrom toward said yoke in alignment with said yoke; and a separable upper tubular hous- 10 ing of rectangular cross section open at both ends an of slightly smaller size'than said yoke and said lower housing and having an upwardly extending handle re# ceiving notch in one side, said upper housing extending through said yoke and tting telescopically into said lower housing when it is applied to said holder.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 404,268 Eustis May 28, 1889 1,755,335 Roman Apr. 22, 1930 2,730,278 Sherlowsky Jan. 10, 1956 2,843,302 Bandy July 15, 1958 FOREIGN PATENTS 2,151 Great Britain 1874 

